Radiation Effect

We have the tendency to think of the biological outcomes of radiation in their effects on existing cells. For little levels of exposure to radiation, the biological outcomes are very small that they can not be noticed. The human body contains repair devices against damage stimulated by radiation and also By means of chemical carcinogens. 

As a result, biological outcomes of radiation into living cells can result in 3 outcomes: 

1) damaged or injured cells fix themselves so that there will no more damage left; 

2) cells expire, much similar to millions of cells in the body do each day, being substituted by means of normal biological procedures; or 

3) cells repair wrongly themselves which result in biophysical change.

The duration of time amid exposure to radiation and the growth of cancer is called the dormant period and may be for many years. Those tumors that can develop as the outcome of exposure to radiation are not distinguishable from cancers that happen naturally or as an outcome of the exposure to other forms of chemical carcinogens.

The Table of Elements

That is, the kernel is always more neutrons than protons (not counting the very light nuclei). In The literature it is strange the ratio of neutrons to the number of protons, for any kernel, nothing is explained. To build a model of atomic nuclei we note that while the alpha radioactivity of helium nuclei have approximately equal energy. Therefore, on the outer envelope of the kernel will place all of the protons with the same number of neutrons, at one energy level can only bosons, which located on the outer envelope of the nucleus and the alpha particles are. 


Inside the nucleus putting the remaining neutrons, whose task will be the weakening of electrostatic repulsion of protons fields. Assuming a spherical nucleus, and the radii of protons and neutrons of about the same, for any element was the kernel model to explain the ratio of neutrons to the number of protons, derived from the package kernel atom nucleons. (Mismatch 0-10%). Radioactive decay is probably associated with the compression of the nucleus, because with the growth of the sequence number of neutrons an element of the kernel becoming increasingly weakened radial repulsive force of protons. If the mass of the nucleus to take primary and secondary chemical properties of the atom, the table of elements atomic weight should be monotonically changed, both horizontally and vertically. Building the table on these grounds, we are forced, after lutetium and Lawrence left four empty seats, so that the chemical properties of elements. Perhaps, at the opening of the need to become the definition of the charge of the nucleus! (Charge of the nucleus is determined only for copper and platinum).